Evaluation of upper arm muscle and fat area of children and adolescents from Ankara, Turkey

Cansev Meşe Yavuz; Başak Koca Özer

doi:10.2478/anre-2020-0014

Authors

Cansev Meşe Yavuz Department of Anthropology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
Başak Koca Özer Department of Anthropology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2020-0014

Keywords:

Nutritional status, Arm muscle area, Arm fat area, Turkey

Abstract

Arm anthropometry is a commonly used method for determining the nutritional status of children and adolescents. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the arm anthropometry of 1484 children and adolescents (760 boys and 724 girls) aged between 6–17 years. The sample groups are selected who are living in Ankara to establish local reference values. In order to determine upper Arm Muscle Area (AMA) and upper Arm Fat Area (AFA), height, weight, upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness measurements were taken in accordance with International Biological Program (IBP) protocols. Smoothed percentiles of AMA and AFA were obtained. Body mass index was calculated with weight and height measurements (kg/m²). Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were measured using bio-impedance analyzer. According to the obtained results, arm muscle area values were higher in boys and arm fat area was higher in girls. In addition, sex difference in these variables increased with age. There was a high positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and AMA, AFA. It has been found that there is a difference in AMA and AFA values for Ankara children compared to previous studies in Turkey.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alper Z, Ercan İ, Uncu Y. 2018. A Meta-Analysis and the Evaluation of Trends in Obesity Prevalence among Children and Adolescents aged 5–19 in Turkey: 1990 through 2015. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 10(1):59–67.
View in Google Scholar

Al-Sendi AM, Shetty P, Musaiger AO. 2003. Anthropometric and body composition indicators of Bahraini adolescents. Ann Hum Biol 30(4):367–79.
View in Google Scholar

Bolzan A, Guimarey L, Frisancho AR. 1999. Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires, Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition. Ann Hum Biol 26(2):185–93.
View in Google Scholar

Çiçek B, Öztürk A, Mazıcıoğlu MM, Kurtoğlu S. 2014. Arm anthropometry indices in Turkish children and adolescents: changes over a three-year period. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 6(4):216–26.
View in Google Scholar

Cole TJ, Green PJ. 1992. Smoothing Reference Centile Curves: The LMS Method and Penalized Likelihood. Stat Med 11:1305–19.
View in Google Scholar

Derman O, Yalçin SS, Kanbur N, Kınık E. 2002. The Influence of the Sexual Stages of Adolescent Boys on the Circumference of the Arm, Muscle Area and Skin-fold Measurements. Int J Adolesc Med Health 14(l):19–26.
View in Google Scholar

Dougherty KA. Zemel BS. 2016. Developmental Disabilities. In: C. Duggan, JB Watkins, B Koletzko, and WA Walker, editors. Nutrition in pediatrics. 5th edition. Connecticut: Shelton. 1672–705.
View in Google Scholar

Frisancho AR. 1974. Triceps Skinfold and Upper Arm Muscle Size Norms of Assessment of nutritional Status, Am J Clin Nutr 27(10):1052–8.
View in Google Scholar

Frisancho AR. 1981. New Norms of Upper Limb Fat and Muscle Areas for Assessment of Nutritional Status, Am J Clin Nutr 34(11):2540–5.
View in Google Scholar

Fryar CD, Gu Q, Ogden CL. 2012. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults: United States, 2007–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11(252).
View in Google Scholar

Gültekin T, Özer BK, Katayama K, Akın G. 2006. Age-related patterns of upper arm muscle and fat area in Turkish children and assessment of nutritional status. Int J Anthropol 21:231–9.
View in Google Scholar

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. 2019. 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, T.R. Presidency of Turkey Directorate of Strategy and Budget and TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Turkey.
View in Google Scholar

Herman KM, Craig CL, Gauvin L, Katzmarzyk PT. 2009. Tracking of obesity and physical activity from childhood to adulthood: the physical activity longitudinal study. Int J Pediatr Obes 4(4):281–8.
View in Google Scholar

Heymsfield SB, McManus C, Smith J, Stevens V, Nixon DW. 1982. Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. Am J Clin Nut 36(4):680–90.
View in Google Scholar

Jaswan S, Nitish M. 2014. Use Of Upper-Arm Anthropometry as Measure of Body-Composition and Nutritional Assessment in Children and Adolescents (6–20 Years) Of Assam. Northeast India. Ethiop J Health Sci 24(3):243–52.
View in Google Scholar

Lipsberga G, Kažoka D. 2016. Upper-arm anthropometry as nutritional assessment in preschool children in Latvian population. Papers on Anthropology 25(2):25–35.
View in Google Scholar

Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Moodie ML, Hall KD, Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, James, WPT, Wang Y, McPherson K. 2015. Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. Lancet 385(9986):2510–20.
View in Google Scholar

Malina RM, Bouchard, C. 1991. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Press.
View in Google Scholar

Mascarenhas MR, Zemel B, Stalling VA. 1998. Nutritional assessment in pediatrics. Nutrition 14(1):105–15.
View in Google Scholar

Must A, Strauss RS. 1999. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:S2–11.
View in Google Scholar

Nowak-Szczepanska, N, Gomula, A, Koziel, S. 2019. Mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index as different screening tools of nutritional and weight status in Polish schoolchildren across socio-political changes. Sci Rep 9:12399.
View in Google Scholar

Öztürk A, Budak N, Çiçek B, Mazıcıoğlu MM, Bayram F, Kurtoğlu S. 2009. Cross-sectional reference values for mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and arm fat area of Turkish children and adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60(4):267–81.
View in Google Scholar

Reilly JJ, Methven E, McDowell ZC, Hacking B, Alexander D, Stewart L, Kelnar CJH. 2003. Health consequences of obesity. Arch Dis Child 88(9):748–52.
View in Google Scholar

Rolland-Cachera M. 1993. Body composition during adolescence: methods, limitations and determinants. Horm Res 39(3):25–40.
View in Google Scholar

Sen J, Mondal N, Dey S. 2011. Assessment of the nutritional status of children aged 5–12 years using upper arm composition. Ann Hum Biol 38(6):752–9.
View in Google Scholar

Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. 1962. Standards for subcutaneous fat in British children. Percentiles for thickness of skinfolds over triceps and below scapula. Br Med J 1(5276):446–50.
View in Google Scholar

Türközü D, Ayhan B, Köksal E. 2017. The nutrition transition in Turkey: trends in energy and macronutrients supply from 1961 to 2011. GMJ 28(4):283–8.
View in Google Scholar

Weiner J, Lourie JA. 1969. Human Biology: A guide to field methods IBP Handbook. Oxford: Blackwell.
View in Google Scholar

World Health Organization. 2016. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization 2016.
View in Google Scholar

World Health Organization. 2019a. Obesity and overweight. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [Accessed 24 march 2019]
View in Google Scholar

World Health Organization. 2019b. Malnutrition. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition [Accessed 24 march 2019]
View in Google Scholar

Zemel B. 2002. Body Composition During Growth and Development, In: N. Cameron, editor. Human Growth and Development. California: Academic Press, 271–329.
View in Google Scholar