Populizm a medialne struktury możliwości. Przypadek nowych mediów

Autor

  • Artur Lipiński Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa, , Zakład Teorii Polityki

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.19.05

Słowa kluczowe:

populizm, komunikowanie polityczne, sfera publiczna, nowe media, Facebook, Twitter

Abstrakt

Mimo że wielu autorów od dawna podkreśla znaczenie mediów jako ważnej zmiennej wyjaśniającej różne aspekty zjawiska populizmu, badania dotyczące relacji pomiędzy populizmem a mediami zintensyfikowano dopiero w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat, a ich liczba jest stosunkowo niewielka. Co zrozumiałe, jeszcze mniej jest badań, które odnosiłyby się do wykorzystania mediów społecznościowych przez aktorów populistycznych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wzajemnych związków pomiędzy populizmem a serwisami społecznościowymi traktowanymi jako struktury medialnych możliwości. Drugim z zadań jest krytyczna analiza obecnego w wielu tekstach założenia o prostej, funkcjonalnej relacji pomiędzy mediami społecznościowymi a populizmem. Służyć temu będzie rekonstrukcja pola badań nad wykorzystaniem nowych mediów przez aktorów populistycznych, prezentacja głównych nurtów oraz rezultatów tych badań. Podkreślić należy, że artykuł koncentruje się na aktorach politycznych, a nie posługujących się strategiami populistycznymi społecznych użytkownikach nowych mediów.

Biogram autora

Artur Lipiński - Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa, , Zakład Teorii Polityki

Artur Lipiński – politolog, profesor UAM w Zakładzie Teorii Polityki na Wydziale Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa Uniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Obecnie jest kierownikiem polskiego zespołu w ramach konsorcjum Horyzont 2020 DEMOS „Democratic Efficacy and the Varieties of Populism in Europe” (https://demos-h2020.eu). Jego zainteresowania naukowe koncentrują się na zjawisku populizmu, polskiej polityce partyjnej, dyskursywnych mechanizmach konstruowania tożsamości, a także wybranych problemach konstruowania pamięci zbiorowej. Autor monografii dotyczącej prawicy na polskiej scenie politycznej oraz artykułów publikowanych na łamach polskich i międzynarodowych czasopism, m.in. „Problems of Post-Communism”, „Journalism Studies” „Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne”, „Przegląd Politologiczny”, „Studia Polityczne”.

Bibliografia

Abts, K., Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus Democracy. Political Studies, 55(2), 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9248.2007.00657.x
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x

Albertazzi, D., McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre. W: D. Albertazzi, D. McDonnell (red.), Twenty-First century populism: The spectre of Western European Democracy (s. 1–11). London: Palgrave Macmillan
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592100_1

Aslanidis, P. (2016). Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutation and a New Perspective. Political Studies, 64(1_suppl), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9248.12224
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12224

Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2019). The technological performance of populism. New Media & Society, 21(2), 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818797591
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818797591

Bennett, S. (2019). Standing up for ‘real people’: UKIP, the Brexit, and discursive strategies on Twitter. W: J. Zienkowski, R. Breeze (red.), Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum (s. 230–256). Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.83.10ben

Bennett, W. L., Pfetsch, B. (2018). Rethinking Political Communication in a Time of Disrupted Public Spheres. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 243–253. DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqx017
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx017

Bimber, B., Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2020). The unedited public sphere. New Media & Society, 22(4), 700–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893980

Blumler, J. G. (2018). The Crisis of Public Communication, 1995–2017. Javnost – The Public, 25(1–2), 83–92. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2018.1418799
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418799

Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1995). The Crisis of Public Communication. London: Routledge.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Bonikowski, B., Gidron, N. (2016). Multiple Traditions in Populism Research: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis. APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, 26(12), 7–14
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2875372

Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., Bimber, B. (2020). Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Media & Society, 22(4), 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893983Western democracies. New
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893983

Bracciale, R., Martella, A. (2017). Define the populist political communication style: the case of Italian political leaders on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1310–1329. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328522
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328522

Breeze, R. (2020). Angry tweets: A corpus-assisted study of anger in populist political discourse. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 8(1), 118–145. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00033.bre
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00033.bre

Brubaker, R. (2017). Why populism? Theory & Society, 46, 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186–017–9301–7
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7

Bucy, E. P., Foley, J. M., Lukito, J., Doroshenko, L., Shah, D. V., Pevehouse, J. C., Wells, C. (2020). Performing populism: Trump’s transgressive debate style and the dynamics of Twitter response. New Media & Society, 22(4), 634–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893984
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893984

Canovan, M. (2007). Polityka dla ludzi. Populizm jako ideologia demokracji. W: Y. Mény, Y. Surel (red.), Demokracja w obliczu populizmu (s. 57–82). Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Casero-Ripollés, A., Sintes-Olivella, M., Franch, P. (2017). The Populist Political Communication Style in Action: Podemos’s Issues and Functions on Twitter During the 2016 Spanish General Election. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(9), 986–1001. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217707624
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217707624

Castells, M. (2013). Sieci oburzenia i nadziei. Ruchy społeczne w erze Internetu (O. Siara, tłum.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001

De Vreese, C., Esser, F., Aalberg, T., Reinemann, C., Stanyer, J. (2018). Populism as an expression of political communication content and style: a new perspective. The International Journal of Press/ Politics, 23(4), 423–438.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218790035

Diamond, L. (2010). Liberation Technology. Journal of Democracy, 21(3), 69–83. DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.0190
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0190

Ellinas, A. A. (2010). The media and the far right in western Europe: Playing the nationalist card. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676017

Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: how politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109–1126. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697

Engesser, S., Fawzi, N., Larsson, A. (2017). Populist online communication: introduction to the special issue. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1279–1292. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328525
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328525

Enli, G. (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication, 32(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802

Enli, G. S., Skogerbø, E. (2013). Personalized Campaigns In Party-Centred Politics. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 757–774. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330

Ernst, N., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Blassnig, S., Esser, F. (2017). Extreme parties and populism: An analysis of Facebook and Twitter across six countries. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1347–1364. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333

Ernst, N., Engesser, S., Esser, F. (2017). Bipolar Populism? The Use of Anti-Elitism and PeopleCentrism by Swiss Parties on Social Media. Swiss Political Science Review, 23(3), 253–261. doi:10.1111/spsr.12264
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12264

Ernst, N., Esser, F., Blassnig, S., Engesser, S. (2019). Favorable Opportunity Structures for Populist Communication: Comparing Different Types of Politicians and Issues in Social Media, Television and the Press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(2), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218819430
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218819430

Esser, F., Stępińska, A., Hopmann, N. (2017). Populism and the media. Cross-national findings and perspectiveCommunication in Europe (s. 365–380). New YorkLondon: Routledge.s. W: T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömbäck, C. H. de Vreese (red.), Populist Political
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Fieschi, C. (2019). Populocracy: The tyranny of authenticity and rise of populism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda Publishing.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781788210263

Flew, T., Iosifidis, P. (2020). Populism, globalisation and social media. International Communication Gazette, 82(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048519880721
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048519880721

Freeden, M. (2013). The Morphological Analysis of Ideology. W: M. Freeden, L. T. Sargent, M. Stears (red.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies (s. 115–138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0034

Gil de Zúñiga, H., Koc-Michalska, K., & Römmele, A. (2020). Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon. New Media & Society, 22(4), 585– 594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893978
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893978

Gonawela, A., Pal, J., Thawani, U., van der Vlugt, E., Out, W., Chandra, P. (2018). Speaking their Mind: Populist Style and Antagonistic Messaging in the Tweets of Donald Trump, Narendra Modi, Nigel Farage, and Geert Wilders. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 27, 293–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606–018–9316–2
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-018-9316-2

Grill, C. (2016). How Anti-European, Populist Parties Campaigned in the 2014 EP Election. W: C. Holtz-Bacha (red.) Europawahlkampf 2014 (s. 75–96). Wiesbaden: Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–658–11020–8_5
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11020-8_5

Haller, A., Holt, K. (2019). Paradoxical populism: how PEGIDA relates to mainstream and alternative media. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1665–1680. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449882
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449882

Hameleers, M. (2018). Augmenting polarization via social media? A comparative analysis of Trump’s and Wilders’ online populist communication and the electorate’s interpretations surrounding the elections. Acta Politica, 55(3), 331–350. doi:10.1057/s41269–018–0119–8
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-018-0119-8

Heiss, R., Matthes, J. (2020). Stuck in a Nativist Spiral: Content, Selection, and Effects of RightWing Populists’ Communication on Facebook. Political Communication, 37(3), 303–328. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2019.1661890
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1661890

Herkman, J. (2018). Old patterns on new clothes? Populism and political scandals in the Nordic countries. Acta Sociologica, 61(4), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699317737816
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699317737816

Jacobs, K., Sandberg, L., Spierings, N. (2020). Twitter and Facebook: Populists’ double-barreled gun? New Media & Society, 22(4), 611–633. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893991
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893991

Jacobs, K., Spierings, N. (2019). A populist paradise? Examining populists’ Twitter adoption and use. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1681–1696. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449883
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449883

Jakubowski, J. (2017). Populizm i social media. Małżeństwo z rozsądku? E-politikon, 24, 30–58.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Jungherr, A., Schroeder, R., Stier, S. (2019). Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders: Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China. Social Media + Society, 5(3), 1–12. doi:10.1177/2056305119875439
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119875439

Kissas, A. (2020). Performative and ideological populism: The case of charismatic leaders on Twitter. Discourse & Society, 31(3), 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926519889127
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926519889127

Klinger, U., Svensson, J. (2015). The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach. New Media & Society, 17(8), 1241–1257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814522952
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814522952

Krämer, B. (2014). Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some Theses on its Effects. Communication Theory, 24(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12029
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12029

Krämer, B. (2017). Populist online practices: the function of the Internet in right-wing populism. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1293–1309. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328520
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328520

Krämer, B. (2018). Populism, Media, and the Form of Society. Communication Theory, 28(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty017
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty017

Kriesi, H. (2018). Revisiting the populist challenge. Czech Journal of Political Science, 25, 5–27.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2018-1-5

Krzyżanowski, M., Ledin, P. (2017). Uncivility on the web. Populism in/and the borderline discourses of exclusion. Journal of Language and Politics, 16(4), 566–581. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17028.krz
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17028.krz

Lipiński, A., Stępińska, A. (2019). Polish RightWing Populism in the Era of Social Media. Problems of Post-Communism, 66(1), 71–82. DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2018.1484667
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1484667

Matuszewski, P. (2018). Cyberplemiona. Analiza zachowań użytkowników Facebooka w trakcie kampanii parlamentarnej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Populism and the Media. W: D. Albertazzi, D. McDonnell (red.), Twenty-First Century Populism. The Spectre of Western European Democracy (s. 49–64). London: Palgrave Macmillan
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592100_4

Mazzoleni, G. (2014). Mediatization and political populism. W: F. Esser, J. Stromback (red.), Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of western democracies (s. 42–56). London: Palgrave Macmillan
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137275844_3

Mazzoleni, G., Bracciale, R. (2018). Socially mediated populism: the communicative strategies of political leaders on Facebook. Palgrave Communications, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599–018–0104-x
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0104-x

Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism. Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804799331

Moffitt, B. (2019). Populism 2.0 Social Media and the False Allure of “Unmediated” Representation. W: G. Fitzi, J. Mackert, B. S. Turner (red.), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Politics, Social Movements and Extremism, Vol. 2 (s. 30–46). London: Routledge
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108063-3

Moffitt, B. (2020). Populism. Cambridge: Polity.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style.Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9248.12032
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12032

Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477–7053.2004.00135.x
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x

Mudde, C., Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001

Ott, B. L. (2017). The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(1), 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686

Pain, P., Masullo Chen, G. (2019). The President Is in: Public Opinion and the Presidential Use of Twitter. Social Media + Society, 5(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119855143
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119855143

Roemmele, A., Gibson, R. (2020). Scientific and subversive: The two faces of the fourth era of political campaigning. New Media & Society, 22(4), 595–610. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444819893979
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893979

Salgado, S. (2019). Where’s populism? Online media and the diffusion of populist discourses and styles in Portugal. European Political Science, 18(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304–017–0137–4
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-017-0137-4

Salmela, M., von Scheve, C. (2017). Emotional roots of right-wing political populism. Social Science Information, 56(4), 567–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419

Saurette, P., Gunster, S. (2011). Ears wide shut: Epistemological populism, argutainment and Canadian conservative talk radio. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 195–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423910001095
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423910001095

Schmidt, F. (2020). Party Populism and Media Access: The News Value of Populist Communication and How It Is Handled by the Mass Media. International Journal of Communication, 14(23), 2360–2382. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11882
Zobacz w Google Scholar

chmuck, D., Hameleers, M. (2020). Closer to the people: A comparative content analysis of populist communication on social networking sites in pre- and post-Election periods. Information, Communication & Society, 23(10), 1531–1548. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2019.1588909
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1588909

Schroeder, R. (2018). Social theory after the internet: Media, technology and globalization. London: UCL Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20krxdr

Sorensen, L. (2018). Populist communication in the new media environment: a cross-regional comparative perspective. Palgrave Communications, 4(48), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599–018–0101–0
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0101-0

Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95–110. DOI: 10.1080/13569310701822289
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310701822289

Stanyer, J., Salgado, S., Strömbäck, J. (2016). Populist Actors as Communicators or Political Actors as Populist Communicators: Cross-National Findings and Perspectives. W: T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Strömbäck, C. de Vreese (red.), Populist Political Communication in Europe (s. 353–364). New York: Routledge.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Stier, S., Bleier, A., Lietz, H., Strohmaier, M. (2018). Election Campaigning on Social Media: Politicians, Audiences, and the Mediation of Political Communication on Facebook and Twitter. Political Communication, 35(1), 50–74. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728

Suiter, J., Culloty, E., Greene, D., Siapera, E. (2018). Hybrid media and populist currents in Ireland’s 2016 General Election. European Journal of Communication, 33(4), 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118775297
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118775297

Šori, I., Ivanova, V. (2018). Right-wing populist convergences and spillovers in hybrid media systems. W: M. Pajnik, B. Sauer (red.), Populism and the Web: Communicative Practices of Parties and Movements in Europe (s. 55–71). London-New York: Routledge
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315101958-4

Urbinati, N. (2019). Me the people: How populism transforms democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674243576

Van Kessel, S., Castelein, R. (2016). Shifting the blame. Populist politicians’ use of Twitter as a tool of opposition. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 12(2), 594–614
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v12i2.709

Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2018). Media coverage of shifting emotional regimes: Donald Trump’s angry populism. Media, Culture & Society, 40(5), 766–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772190
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772190

Waisbord, S. (2018). Why Populism is Troubling for Democratic Communication. Communication. Culture and Critique , 11(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcx005.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcx005

Waisbord, S., Amado, A. (2017). Populist com - munication by digital means: presiden - tial Twitter in Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1330–1346. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328521
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328521

Wettstein, M., Esser, F., Schulz, A., Wirz, D. S., Wirth, W. (2018). News Media as Gatekeepers, Critics, and Initiators of Populist Communication: How Journalists in Ten Countries Deal with the Populist Challenge. The International Journal of Press/Politics , 23(4), 476–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218785979
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218785979

Weyland, K. (2017). Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach, W: C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Ochoa Espejo, P. Ostiguy (red.), Oxford Handbook of Populism (s. 48–72). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.2

Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics. Comparative Politics , 34(1), 1–22. doi:10.2307/422412
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/422412

Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear. What right wing populist discourses mean? London: Sage
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073

Zulianello, M., Albertini, A., Ceccobelli, D. (2018). A Populist Zeitgeist? The Communication Strategies of Western and Latin American Political Leaders on Facebook. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218783836
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218783836

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2020-11-20

Jak cytować

Lipiński, A. (2020). Populizm a medialne struktury możliwości. Przypadek nowych mediów. Władza Sądzenia, (19), 74–95. https://doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.19.05

Numer

Dział

Articles