Environmental Justice in the Context of Urban Green Space Availability

Authors

  • Karolina Koprowska University of Łódź, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, Department of Regional Economics and Environment

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.345.08

Keywords:

spatial planning, spatial economics, environmental equity, spatial justice

Abstract

Environmental justice is a term that includes both exposure to environmental ‘bads’ as well as access to environmental ‘goods’ which might be unequally experienced by different socio‑economic groups. In other words, environmental justice scholars study whether everybody can have an equal right to a healthy, nurturing environment which supports their development and well‑being. The environmental justice movement arose in response to the so‑called ‘environmental racism’ in the USA which affected communities of blue‑collar workers, people with lower income and of Afro‑American, Asian, Latin or native origins. Although initially environmental (in)justice was rooted in racial discrimination in the USA, nowadays it encompasses a wider range of issues, including problems at the local and global level, from degradation and pollution of natural resources to aspects related to spatial planning. Unequal access to environmental amenities – such as green spaces – was not the main focus of the discourse, however, it is gaining attention nowadays, especially in the context of urban environment. Urban green spaces influence health and well‑being of urban residents, but access to them can be uneven in terms of socio‑spatial heterogeneity. Growing challenges of living in cities, related to, among others, climate change, densification or sprawling of developments, urban heat islands, and other nuisances, require sustainable management of green spaces and provision of equal (socially just) access to benefits provided by these areas. Moreover, another important aspect of the discussion is linked to potentially beneficial planning decisions (e.g. increasing availability of urban green spaces) and their long‑term consequences, which may eventually lead to gentrification and increased social inequalities (environmental injustice). Complexity of the problem related to availability of green spaces in cities needs an interdisciplinary approach which combines ecological, spatial and socio‑economic aspects. The article reviews the current state‑of‑the‑art literature in the field of environmental justice, with particular emphasis on green space availability in the context of urban environment.  

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abercrombie L. C., Sallis J. F., Conway T. L., Frank L. D., Saelens B. E., Chapman J. E. (2008), Income and racial disparities in access to public parks and private recreation facilities, “American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, vol. 34(1), pp. 9–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.030
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.030

Addison C., Zhang S., Coomes B. (2013), Smart growth and housing affordability: A review of regulatory mechanisms and planning practices, “Journal of Planning Literature”, vol. 28(3), pp. 215–257, https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212471563
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212471563

Agyeman J. (2002), Constructing environmental (in)justice: Transatlantic tales, “Environmental Politics”, vol. 11(3), pp. 31–53, https://doi.org/10.1080/714000627
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714000627

Agyeman J. (2005), Sustainable Communities and the Challenge of Environmental Justice, NYU Press, New York–London.
Google Scholar

Anguelovski I. (2013), Beyond a livable and green neighborhood: Asserting control, sovereignty and transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, vol. 37(3), pp. 1012–1034, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12054
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12054

Anguelovski I. (2014), Neighborhood as Refuge: Community Reconstruction, Place Remaking, and Environmental Justice in the City, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262026925.001.0001

Anguelovski I. (2016), From toxic sites to parks as (green) LULUs? New challenges of inequity, privilege, gentrification, and exclusion for urban environmental justice, “Journal of Planning Literature”, vol. 31(1), pp. 23–36, https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215610491
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215610491

Anguelovski I., Carmin J. (2011), Something borrowed, everything new: innovation and institutionalization in urban climate governance, “Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability”, vol. 3(3), pp. 169–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.017
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.017

Anguelovski I., Connolly J. J.T., Masip L., Pearsall H. (2018), Assessing green gentrification in historically disenfranchised neighborhoods: a longitudinal and spatial analysis of Barcelona, “Urban Geography”, vol. 39(3), pp. 458–491, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1349987
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1349987

Bai X., Roberts B., Chen J. (2010), Urban sustainability experiments in Asia: patterns and pathways, “Environmental Science & Policy”, vol. 13(4), pp. 312–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.011

Banzhaf S., Ma L., Timmins C. (2019), Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution, “Journal of Economic Perspectives”, vol. 33(1), pp. 185–208, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.185
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.185

Barnett H. A. (2001), The Chinatown cornfields: Including environmental benefits in environmental justice struggles, “Critical Planning”, no. 8, pp. 50–60.
Google Scholar

Battaglia M., Buckley G., Galvin M., Grove M. (2014), It’s not easy going green: Obstacles to tree planting programs in East Baltimore, “Cities and the Environment (CATE)”, vol. 7(2), art. 6.
Google Scholar

Bedimo Rung A. L., Mowen A. J., Cohen D. A. (2005), The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model, “American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, vol. 28(2), Supplement 2, pp. 159–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024

Biernacka M., Kronenberg J. (2018), Classification of institutional barriers affecting the availability, accessibility and attractiveness of urban green spaces, “Urban Forestry & Urban Greening”, no. 36, pp. 22–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.09.007
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.09.007

Boone C., Modarres A. (2006), City and Environment, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
Google Scholar

Boone C. G., Buckley G. L., Grove J. M., Sister C. (2009), Parks and people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland, “Annals of the Association of American Geographers”, vol. 99(4), pp. 767–787.
Google Scholar

Brownlow A. (2006a), Inherited fragmentations and narratives of environmental control in entrepreneurial Philadelphia, “In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism”, no. 28, pp. 206–208.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.2.206

Brownlow A. (2006b), An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia, “Geoforum”, vol. 37(2), pp. 227–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.02.009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.02.009

Bullard R. D. (1983), Solid waste sites and the black Houston community, “Sociological Inquiry”, vol. 53(2–3), pp. 273–288, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb00037.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb00037.x

Byrne J. (2012), When green is White: The cultural politics of race, nature and social exclusion in a Los Angeles urban national park, “Geoforum”, vol. 43(3), pp. 595–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.10.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.10.002

Byrne J., Wolch J., Zhang J. (2009), Planning for environmental justice in an urban national park, “Journal of Environmental Planning and Management”, vol. 52(3), pp. 365–392, https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560802703256
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560802703256

Campbell S. (1996), Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development, “Journal of the American Planning Association”, vol. 62(3), pp. 296–312.
Google Scholar

Checker M. (2011), Wiped out by the “Greenwave”: environmental gentrification and the paradoxical politics of urban sustainability, “City & Society”, vol. 23(2), pp. 210–229.
Google Scholar

Comber A., Brunsdon C., Green E. (2008), Using a GIS based network analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, vol. 86(1), pp. 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.01.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.01.002

Corburn J. (2017), Concepts for studying urban environmental justice, “Current Environmental Health Reports”, vol. 4(1), pp. 61–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0123-6
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0123-6

Costi A. (1998), Environmental justice and sustainable development in Central and Eastern Europe, “European Environment”, vol. 8(4), pp. 107–112.
Google Scholar

Costi A. (2003), Environmental Protection, Economic Growth and Environmental Justice: Are They Compatible in Central and Eastern Europe?, [in:] J. Agyeman, R. D. Bullard, B. Evans (eds.), Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 289–306.
Google Scholar

Crawford D., Timperio A., Giles Corti B., Ball K., Hume C., Roberts R., Salmon J. (2008), Do features of public open spaces vary according to neighbourhood socio economic status?, “Health & Place”, vol. 14(4), pp. 889–893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.11.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.11.002

Curran W., Hamilton T. (2012), Just green enough: contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, “Local Environment”, vol. 17(9), pp. 1027–1042, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.729569
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.729569

Debbané A. M., Keil R. (2004), Multiple disconnections: environmental justice and urban water in Canada and South Africa, “Space and Polity”, vol. 8(2), pp. 209–225, https://doi.org/10.1080/1356257042000273968
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1356257042000273968

Dodge J. (2009), Environmental justice and deliberative democracy: How social change organizations respond to power in the deliberative system, “Policy and Society”, vol. 28(3), pp. 225–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.08.005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.08.005

Dooling S. (2009), Ecological gentrification: A research agenda exploring justice in the city, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, vol. 33(3), pp. 621–639, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00860.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00860.x

Engelberg J. K., Conway T. L., Geremia C., Cain K. L., Saelens B. E., Glanz K., Sallis J. F. (2016), Socioeconomic and race/ethnic disparities in observed park quality, “BMC Public Health”, vol. 16, pp. 395–406, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3055-4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3055-4

Erkip F. (1997), The distribution of urban public services: the case of parks and recreational services in Ankara, “Cities”, vol. 14(6), pp. 353–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(97)00026-7
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(97)00026-7

Fesenmaier D. R., Lieber S. R. (1985), Spatial structure and behavior response in outdoor recreation participation, “Human Geography”, vol. 67(2), pp. 131–138, https://doi.org/10.2307/490424
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/490424

Filčák R., Steger T. (2014), Ghettos in Slovakia. The environmental exclusion of the Roma minority, “Analyse &Kritik”, vol. 36(2), pp. 229–250.
Google Scholar

Floyd M. F., Gramann J. H., Saenz R. (1993), Ethnic factors and the use of public outdoor recreation areas: The case of Mexican Americans, “Leisure Sciences”, vol. 15(2), pp. 83–98, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513190
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513190

Frank L. D., Sallis J. F., Conway T. L., Chapman J. E., Saelens B. E., Bachman W. (2006), Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality, “Journal of the American Planning Association”, vol. 72(1), pp. 75–87, https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725

Frank L. D., Sallis J. F., Saelens B. E., Leary L., Cain K., Conway T. L., Hess P. M. (2010), The development of a walkability index: Application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study, “British Journal of Sports Medicine”, vol. 44(13), pp. 924–933, https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701

Frumkin H. (2005), Health, equity, and the built environment, “Environmental Health Perspectives”, vol. 113(5), pp. A290–291, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a290
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a290

Gallerani D. G., Besenyi G. M., Wilhelm Stanis S. A., Kaczynski A. T. (2017), “We actually care and we want to make the parks better”: A qualitative study of youth experiences and perceptions after conducting park audits, “Preventive Medicine”, no. 95, pp. S109–S114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.043
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.043

Gobster P. H. (2002), Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele, “Leisure Sciences”, no. 24, pp. 143–159.
Google Scholar

Gould K. A., Lewis T. L. (2017), Green Gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice, Routledge, New York, https://www.routledge.com/Green‑Gentrification‑Urban‑sustainability‑and‑the‑struggle‑for‑environmental/Gould‑Lewis/p/book/9781138920163 [accessed: 29.09.2018].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315687322

Harper K., Steger T., Filčák R. (2009), Environmental justice and Roma communities in Central and Eastern Europe, “Environmental Policy and Governance”, vol. 19(4), pp. 251–268, https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.511
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.511

Henderson A., Fry C. R. (2011), Better parks through law and policy: A legal analysis of authorities governing public parks and open spaces, “Journal of Physical Activity & Health”, vol. 8(1), pp. 109–115.
Google Scholar

Heynen N. (2003), The scalar production of injustice within the urban forest, “Antipode”, no. 35, pp. 980–998.
Google Scholar

Heynen N. (2006), Green urban political ecologies: Toward a better understanding of inner city environmental change, “Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space”, vol. 38(3), pp. 499–516, https://doi.org/10.1068/a37365
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a37365

Heynen N., Perkins H. A., Roy P. (2006), The political ecology of uneven urban green space: The impact of political economy on race and ethnicity in producing environmental inequality in Milwaukee, “Urban Affairs Review”, vol. 42(1), pp. 3–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087406290729
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087406290729

Holifield R. (2001), Defining environmental justice and environmental racism, “Urban Geography”, vol. 22(1), pp. 78–90, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.22.1.78
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.22.1.78

Hughey S. M., Walsemann K. M., Child S., Powers A., Reed J. A., Kaczynski A. T. (2016), Using an environmental justice approach to examine the relationships between park availability and quality indicators, neighborhood disadvantage, and racial/ethnic composition, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 148, pp. 159–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.016

Kabisch N., Haase D. (2014), Green justice or just green? Provision of urban green spaces in Berlin, Germany, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 122, pp. 129–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.016

Kabisch N., Strohbach M., Haase D., Kronenberg J. (2016), Urban green space availability in European cities, “Ecological Indicators”, no. 70, pp. 586–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.029
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.029

Kaczynski A. T., Johnson A. J., Saelens B. E. (2010), Neighborhood land use diversity and physical activity in adjacent parks, “Health & Place”, vol. 16(2), pp. 413–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.004

Kaczynski A. T., Wilhelm Stanis S. A., Besenyi G. M. (2012), Development and Testing of a Community Stakeholder Park Audit Tool, “American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, vol. 42(3), pp. 242–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.018
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.018

Keil R. (2003), Urban political ecology, “Urban Geography”, vol. 24(8), pp. 723–738, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.24.8.723
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.24.8.723

Kimpton A. (2017), A spatial analytic approach for classifying greenspace and comparing greenspace social equity, “Applied Geography”, no. 82, pp. 129–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.016

Koprowska K., Łaszkiewicz E., Kronenberg J., Marcińczak S. (2018), Subjective perception of noise exposure in relation to urban green space availability, “Urban Forestry & Urban Greening”, no. 31, pp. 93–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.018
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.018

Korwel Lejkowska B., Topa E. (2017), Dostępność parków miejskich jako elementów zielonej infrastruktury w Gdańsku, “Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna”, no. 37, pp. 63–75.
Google Scholar

Kovács Z., Hegedűs G. (2014), Gated communities as new forms of segregation in post socialist Budapest, “Cities”, no. 36, pp. 200–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.08.004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.08.004

Krumholz N. (1990), Making Equity Planning Work: Leadership in the Public Sector, 3rd edition, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
Google Scholar

Krumholz N. (1994), Reinventing Cities: Equity Planners Tell Their Stories, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
Google Scholar

Kurek W., Faracik R., Mika M. (2001), Ecological conflicts in Poland, “Geo Journal”, vol. 55(2), pp. 507–516, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021732710395
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021732710395

La Rosa D. (2014), Accessibility to greenspaces: GIS based indicators for sustainable planning in a dense urban context, “Ecological Indicators”, no. 42, pp. 122–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.011

Loukaitou Sideris A., Stieglitz O. (2002), Children in Los Angeles parks: A study of equity, quality and children’s satisfaction with neighbourhood parks, “The Town Planning Review”, vol. 73(4), pp. 467–488.
Google Scholar

Low S. (2013), Public space and diversity: Distributive, procedural and interactional justice for parks, [in:] G. Young, D. Stevenson (eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture, Ashgate, Surrey, pp. 295–310.
Google Scholar

Lucas K. (2006), Providing transport for social inclusion within a framework for environmental justice in the UK, “Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice”, vol. 40(10), pp. 801–809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.12.005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.12.005

Lucas K., Walker G., Eames M., Fay H., Poustie M. (2004), Environment and social justice : rapid research and evidence review, “Sustainable Development Research Network”. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e010679d-6416-4f06-8f9a-ea83d7a8b92b [accessed: 29.09.2018].
Google Scholar

Łaszkiewicz E., Kronenberg J., Marcińczak S. (2018), Attached to or bound to a place? The impact of green space availability on residential duration: The environmental justice perspective, “Ecosystem Services”, no. 30, pp. 309–317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.002

Macedo J., Haddad M. A. (2016), Equitable distribution of open space: Using spatial analysis to evaluate urban parks in Curitiba, Brazil, “Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design”, vol. 43(6), pp. 1096–1117, https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515603369
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515603369

Matsouka M. (2001), The emergence of the environmental justice movement and its challenges to planning, “Critical Planning”, no. 8, pp. 4–14.
Google Scholar

McConnachie M., Shackleton C. M. (2010), Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa, “Habitat International”, vol. 34(2), pp. 244–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.09.009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.09.009

McGuire C. J., Lynch D. (2017), The Need for Environmental Justice Never Ends Because Externalities Persist, “Environmental Justice”, vol. 10(3), pp. 68–71, https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2017.0013
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2017.0013

Moore L. V., Diez Roux A. V., Evenson K. R., McGinn A. P., Brines S. J. (2008), Availability of recreational resources in minority and low socioeconomic status areas, “American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, vol. 34(1), pp. 16–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.021
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.021

Myron F. F., Shinew K. J. (1999), Convergence and divergence in leisure style among Whites and African Americans: toward an interracial contact hypothesis, “Journal of Leisure Research”, vol. 31(4), pp. 359–384, https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12269 [accessed: 23.09.2018].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949872

Oh K., Jeong S. (2007), Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, vol. 82(1–2), pp. 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.014
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.014

Pearsall H. (2010), From brown to green? Assessing social vulnerability to environmental gentrification in New York City, “Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy”, vol. 28(5), pp. 872–886, https://doi.org/10.1068/c08126
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/c08126

Pearsall H. (2012), Moving out or moving in? Resilience to environmental gentrification in New York City, “Local Environment”, vol. 17(9), pp. 1013–1026, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.714762
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.714762

Pearsall H., Pierce J. (2010), Urban sustainability and environmental justice: Evaluating the linkages in public planning/policy discourse, “Local Environment”, vol. 15(6), pp. 569–580, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2010.487528
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2010.487528

Pellow D. N. (2017), What is Critical Environmental Justice?, Polity Press, Cambridge–Medford.
Google Scholar

Perez Verdin G., Lee M. E., Chavez D. J. (2004), Outdoor recreation in a protected area in southern Durango, Mexico: Analysis of local residents’ perceptions, “Society and Natural Resources”, vol. 17(10), pp. 897–910, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920490505310
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920490505310

Połom M., Beger M., Topa E. (2017), Badania nad dostępnością pieszą i transportem zbiorowym do parków miejskich na przykładzie Gdańska, “Studia Miejskie”, no. 27, pp. 25–38.
Google Scholar

Ravenscroft N., Markwell S. (2000), Ethnicity and the integration and exclusion of young people through urban park and recreation provision, “Managing Leisure”, vol. 5(3), pp. 135–150, https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710050084838
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710050084838

Raymond C. M., Gottwald S., Kuoppa J., Kyttä M. (2016), Integrating multiple elements of environmental justice into urban blue space planning using public participation geographic information systems, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 153, pp. 198–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.005

Rigolon A. (2016), A complex landscape of inequity in access to urban parks: A literature review, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 153 (Supplement C), pp. 160–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017

Rigolon A. (2017), Parks and young people: An environmental justice study of park proximity, acreage, and quality in Denver, Colorado, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 165, pp. 73–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.05.007
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.05.007

Rigolon A., Browning M. H.E.M., Lee K., Shin S. (2018), Access to urban green space cities of the Global South: A systematic literature review, “Urban Science”, vol. 2(3), http://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030067
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030067

Rishbeth C. (2001), Ethnic minority groups and the design of public open space: An inclusive landscape?, “Landscape Research”, vol. 26(4), pp. 351–366, https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390120090148
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390120090148

Rodenburg C., Baycan Levent T., Leeuwen E. van, Nijkamp P. (2001), Urban economic indicators for green development in cities, “Greener Management International”, no. 36, pp. 105–119.
Google Scholar

Rosan C. D. (2012), Can PlaNYC make New York City “greener and greater” for everyone: sustainability planning and the promise of environmental justice, “Local Environment”, vol. 17(9), pp. 959–976, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.627322
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.627322

Rupprecht C., Byrne J. A. (2014), Informal urban greenspace: A typology and trilingual systematic review of its role for urban residents and trends in the literature, “Urban Forestry & Urban Greening”, vol. 13(4), pp. 597–611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.002

Rupprecht C., Byrne J. A., Ueda H., Lo A. Y. (2015), ‘It’s real, not fake like a park’: Residents’ perception and use of informal urban green space in Brisbane, Australia and Sapporo, Japan, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 143, pp. 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.003
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.07.003

Saelens B. E., Sallis J. F., Black J. B., Chen D. (2003), Neighborhood Based Differences in Physical Activity: An Environment Scale Evaluation, “American Journal of Public Health”, vol. 93(9), pp. 1552–1558, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552

Saelens B. E., Frank L. D., Auffrey C., Whitaker R. C., Burdette H. L., Colabianchi N. (2006), Measuring physical environments of parks and playgrounds: EAPRS instrument development and inter rater reliability, “Journal of Physical Activity & Health”, vol. 3(s1), pp. S190–S207, https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s190
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s190

Sallis J. F., Cervero R. B., Ascher W., Henderson K. A., Kraft M. K., Kerr J. (2006), An Ecological Approach to Creating Active Living Communities, “Annual Review of Public Health”, vol. 27(1), pp. 297–322, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100

Sallis J. F., Saelens B. E., Frank L. D., Conway T. L., Slymen D. J., Cain K. L., Kerr J. (2009), Neighborhood Built Environment and Income: Examining Multiple Health Outcomes, “Social Science & Medicine”, vol. 68(7), pp. 1285–1293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017

Schively C. (2007), Understanding the NIMBY and LULU phenomena: Reassessing our knowledge base and informing future research, “Journal of Planning Literature”, vol. 21(3), pp. 255–266.
Google Scholar

Schweitzer L., Stephenson M. (2007), Right answers, wrong questions: Environmental justice as urban research, “Urban Studies”, vol. 44(2), pp. 319–337, https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980601074961
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980601074961

Sister C., Wolch J., Wilson J. (2010), Got green? Addressing environmental justice in park provision, “GeoJournal”, vol. 75(3), pp. 229–248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9303-8
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9303-8

Smith S. L.J. (1980), Intervening opportunities and travel to urban recreation centers, “Journal of Leisure Research”, vol. 12(4), pp. 296–308, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969456
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969456

Spotts D. M., Stynes D. J. (1985), Measuring the public’s familiarity with recreation areas, “Journal of Leisure Research”, vol. 17(4), pp. 253–265, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1985.11969636
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1985.11969636

Stanners D., Bourdeau P. (1995), The urban environment, [in:] Stanners D., Bourdeau P. (eds.), Europe’s Environment: The Dobris Assessment, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
Google Scholar

Steger T., Filčák R. (2008), Articulating the basis for promoting environmental justice in Central and Eastern Europe, “Environmental Justice”, vol. 1(1), pp. 49–53, https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0501
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0501

Steger T. (ed.) (2007), Making the case for environmental justice in Central and Eastern Europe, Central European University, Budapest.
Google Scholar

Stephens C., Bullock S., Scott A. (2001), Environmental Justice – Rights and means to a healthy environment for all, Special Briefing Paper 7, ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme.
Google Scholar

Swyngedouw E., Heynen N. C. (2003), Urban political ecology, justice and the politics of scale, “Antipode”, vol. 35(5), pp. 898–918, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00364.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00364.x

Szasz A., Meuser M. (1997), Environmental inequalities: Literature review and proposals for new directions in research and theory, “Current Sociology”, vol. 45(3), pp. 99–120, https://doi.org/10.1177/001139297045003006
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001139297045003006

Szewrański S., Świąder M., Kazak J. K., Tokarczyk Dorociak K., Hoof J. van. (2018), Socio environmental vulnerability mapping for environmental and flood resilience assessment: The case of ageing and poverty in the city of Wrocław, Poland, “Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management”, vol. 14(5), pp. 592–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4077
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4077

Takano T., Nakamura K., Watanabe M. (2002), Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in megacity areas: The importance of walkable green spaces, “Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health”, vol. 56(12), pp. 913–918, https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.12.913
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.12.913

Talen E., Anselin L. (1998), Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds, “Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space”, vol. 30(4), pp. 595–613, https://doi.org/10.1068/a300595
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a300595

Tan P. Y., Samsudin R. (2017), Effects of spatial scale on assessment of spatial equity of urban park provision, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 158 (Supplement C), pp. 139–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.001

Tarrant M. A., Cordell H. K. (1999), Environmental justice and the spatial distribution of outdoor recreation sites: An application of Geographic Information Systems, “Journal of Leisure Research”, vol. 31(1), pp. 18–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949849
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949849

Taylor D. E. (1999), Central Park as a Model for Social Control: Urban Parks, Social Class and Leisure Behavior in Nineteenth Century America, “Journal of Leisure Research”, vol. 31(4), pp. 420–477, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949875
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949875

Taylor D. E. (2011), Introduction: The evolution of environmental justice activism, research, and scholarship, “Environmental Practice”, vol. 13(4), pp. 280–301, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046611000329
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046611000329

Timperio A., Ball K., Salmon J., Roberts R., Crawford D. (2007), Is availability of public open space equitable across areas?, “Health & Place”, vol. 13(2), pp. 335–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.02.003
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.02.003

Tretter E. M. (2013), Contesting sustainability: ‘SMART Growth’ and the redevelopment of Austin’s Eastside, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, vol. 37(1), pp. 297–310, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01166.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01166.x

Troy A., Grove J. M. (2008), Property values, parks, and crime: A hedonic analysis in Baltimore, MD, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, vol. 87(3), pp. 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.06.005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.06.005

US EPA (2019), Learn About Environmental Justice, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/
Google Scholar

learn‑about‑environmental‑justice [accessed: 6.08.2019].
Google Scholar

Van Herzele A., Wiedemann T. (2003), A monitoring tool for the provision of accessible and attractive urban green spaces, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, vol. 63(2), pp. 109–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00192-5
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00192-5

Varga C., Kiss I., Ember I. (2002), The lack of environmental justice in Central and Eastern Europe, “Environmental Health Perspectives”, vol. 110(11), pp. A662–A663.
Google Scholar

Vaughan K. B., Kaczynski A. T., Wilhelm Stanis S. A., Besenyi G. M., Bergstrom R., Heinrich K. M. (2013), Exploring the distribution of park availability, features, and quality across Kansas City, Missouri by income and race/ethnicity: an environmental justice investigation, “Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine”, vol. 45, suppl. 1, pp. S28–38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9425-y
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9425-y

Walker G. P., Bulkeley H. (2006), Geographies of Environmental Justice, “Geoforum”, no. 37, pp. 655–659.
Google Scholar

Washington R. O., Strong D. (1997), A model for teaching environmental justice in a planning curriculum, “Journal of Planning Education and Research”, vol. 16(4), pp. 280–290, https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X9701600404
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X9701600404

Wei F. (2017), Greener urbanization? Changing accessibility to parks in China, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 157 (Supplement C), pp. 542–552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.004

Whitehead M. (2009), The wood for the trees: Ordinary environmental injustice and the everyday right to urban nature, “International Journal of Urban and Regional Research”, vol. 33(3), pp. 662–681, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00862.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00862.x

Wolch J. R., Byrne J., Newell J. P. (2014), Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘ just green enough, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 125, pp. 234–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017

Wolch J., Wilson J. P., Fehrenbach J. (2005), Parks and park funding in Los Angeles: An equity mapping analysis, “Urban Geography”, vol. 26(1), pp. 4–35, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4

Wüstemann H., Kalisch D., Kolbe J. (2017), Access to urban green space and environmental inequalities in Germany, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 164, pp. 124–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.002

Xiao Y., Wang Z., Li Z., Tang Z. (2017), An assessment of urban park access in Shanghai – Implications for the social equity in urban China, “Landscape and Urban Planning”, no. 157, pp. 383–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.007
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.007

Ye C., Hu L., Li M. (2018), Urban green space accessibility changes in a high density city: A case study of Macau from 2010 to 2015, “Journal of Transport Geography”, no. 66, pp. 106–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.009

Downloads

Published

2020-03-02

How to Cite

Koprowska, K. (2020). Environmental Justice in the Context of Urban Green Space Availability. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 6(345), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.345.08

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.