Zamieszkując inne ciała – zwierzęce postaci i awatary

Emilia Mazur

doi:10.18778/2391-8551.10.04

Autor

Emilia Mazur https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7512-0055

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2391-8551.10.04

Słowa kluczowe:

animal studies, fenomenologia, gry zwierzęce, awatar, postać, game studies, ucieleśnienie

Abstrakt

Poniższy artykuł dotyczy istotności perspektyw fenomenologicznych dla gier zwierzęcych, definiowanych w rozumieniu Gunnara Eggertsson’a, w których postać osoby grającej ma sygnalizować zwierzę. Przy użyciu przykładów gier takich jak Stray, Shelter 2 i Endling – Extinction is forever, traktujących zwierzęta jako pełnoprawnych protagonistów, wykazuję jak zwierzęce postaci i awatary oddziałują na doświadczenie grania, a także pozagrowe relacje ludzko-zwierzęce. Rozważania te mają na celu zrozumienie czy gry mogą zbliżać nas do lepszego rozumienia zwierzęcego Innego poprzez symulację jego doświadczeń i perspektyw. Niniejsze badanie wykorzystuje perspektywę krytycznych studiów nad zwierzętami i filozofii fenomenologicznej w celu głębszego opisu i zrozumienia interakcji ludzkich graczy ze zwierzęcymi postaciami. Podkreśla rolę ucieleśnienia w kształtowaniu transformatywnego doświadczenia rozgrywki.

Bibliografia

Amorim, M.-A. (2003). „What is my avatar seeing?”: The coordination of „out-of-body” and „embodied” perspectives for scene recognition across views. Visual Cognition, 10(2), 157–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/713756678
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713756678

Banks, J., Bowman, N.D. (2016). Avatars are (sometimes) people too: Linguistic indicators of parasocial and social ties in player–avatar relationships. New Media & Society, 18(7), 1257–1276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814554898
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814554898

Bassey, V. (3 listopada 2015). Shelter 2 – A Post Mortem. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/shelter-2-a-post-mortem (data dostępu: 7 października 2024).
Google Scholar

Berger, J. (1980). About looking; Why look at animals? Nowy Jork: Pantheon Books.
Google Scholar

Burt, J. (2005). John Berger’s „Why Look at Animals?”: A Close Reading. World-views: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 9(2), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568535054615321
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568535054615321

Cerezo-Pizarro, M., Revuelta-Domínguez, F.-I., Guerra-Antequera, J., Melo-Sánchez, J. (2023). The Cultural Impact of Video Games: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Education Sciences, 13(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111116
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111116

Chang, A.Y. (2019). Playing nature: Ecology in video games. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctvthhd94

Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2008). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Nowy Jork: HarperCollins.
Google Scholar

De Jaegher, H., Di Paolo, E., Gallagher, S. (2010). Can Social Interaction Constitute Social Cognition? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.009

Debarba, H.G., Molla, E., Herbelin, B., Boulic, R. (2015). Characterizing embodied interaction in First and Third Person Perspective viewpoints. 2015 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2015.7131728
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2015.7131728

Downs, E., Bowman, N.D., Banks, J. (2019). A polythetic model of player-avatar identification: Synthesizing multiple mechanisms. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000170
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000170

Eggertsson, G.T. (2022). Life as a Lynx: A Digital Animal Story. W: A. Björck, C. Lindén, A.-S. Lönngren (red.), Squirrelling Human–Animal Studies in the Northern-European Region (s. 197–216). Stockholm: Södertörn University.
Google Scholar

Gee, J.P. (2008). Video Games and Embodiment. Games and Culture, 3(3–4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412008317309
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412008317309

Han, B.-C. (2024). Kryzys narracji i inne eseje (tłum. R. Pokrywka). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.
Google Scholar

Haraway, D. J. (2016). Staying with the Trouble. Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/staying-with-the-trouble
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw25q

Kamińska, M. (2011). Niecne memy: Dwanaście wykładów o kulturze internetu. Poznań: Galeria Miejska „Arsenał”.
Google Scholar

Kearney, R. (1988). The Wake of Imagination: Toward a Postmodern Culture (1st edition). Nowy Jork-Londyn: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Kearney, R. (2020). Philosophies of Touch: From Aristotle to Phenomenology. Research in Phenomenology, 50(3), 300–316. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27117412
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341453

Klevjer, R. (2012). Enter the Avatar: The Phenomenology of Prosthetic Telepresence in Computer Games. W: J. Sageng, H. Fossheim, T. Mandt Larsen. (red.) The Philosophy of Computer Games. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology (t. 7, s. 17–38). Dordrecht: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978–94–007–4249–9_3
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4249-9_3

Kłosiński, M. (2023). Przygody cyfrowego tułacza: Interpretacje groznawcze. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.31261/PN.4147

Leonek, D. (2019). Endling. Diana Lelonek. http://dianalelonek.com/portfolio/563/
Google Scholar

„Like using the Force”: Neuralink patient demonstrates how he plays chess using brain-chip – video. (21 marca 2024). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2024/mar/21/neuralink-patient-plays-chess-using-brain-chip-video (data dostępu: 7 października 2024).
Google Scholar

Małecki, W., Pawłowski, B., Sorokowski, P. (2016). Literary Fiction Influences Attitudes Toward Animal Welfare. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0168695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168695
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168695

Merleau-Ponty, M. (2002). Phenomenology of perception: An introduction. Nowy Jork– Londyn: Routledge.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203994610

Nagel, T. (1974). What Is It Like to Be a Bat? The Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914

Pick, A. (12 czerwca 2015). Necsus | Why not look at animals? https://necsus-ejms.org/why-not-look-at-animals/ (data dostępu: 7 października 2024).
Google Scholar

Ratcliffe, M. (2008). Feelings of Being: Phenomenology, psychiatry and the sense of reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206469.001.0001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206469.001.0001

Tyler, T. (2022). GAME. Animals, Video Games and Humanity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar

Tymińska, M. (2016). Avatars Going Mainstream: Typology of Tropes in Avatar-Based Storytelling Practices. Replay. The Polish Journal of Game Studies, 3(1), 101–117.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2391-8551.03.06

Uexküll, J. von. (2010). A foray into the worlds of animals and humans: With A theory of meaning (tłum. J.D. O’Neil). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar

Walsh, G. (2014). Taming the monster: Violence, spectacle and the virtual animal. ANTENNAE: The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture, 30, 21–34.
Google Scholar

Westerlaken, M., Gualeni, S. (2014). Felino: The Philosophical Practice of Making an Interspecies Videogame. The Philosophy of Computer Games Conference, Istanbul. https://pure.buas.nl/en/publications/felino-the-philosophical-practice-of-making-a-interspecies-videog
Google Scholar

Westerlaken, M., Gualeni, S. (2016). Situated Knowledges through Game Design: A Transformative Exercise with Ants. The Philosophy of Computer Games Conference, Valletta. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/23364
Google Scholar

BlueTwelve Studio (2022). Stray [PC]. Annapurna Interactive.
Google Scholar

CD Projekt Red (2015). The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt [PC]. CD Projekt.
Google Scholar

eduweb (2007). WolfQuest [PC]. Minnesota Zoo and eduweb.
Google Scholar

Firaxis Games (2016). Sid Meier’s Civilization VI [PC]. 2K Games.
Google Scholar

Frontier Developments (2003). Dog’s Life [PlayStation 2]. Sony Computer Entertainment.
Google Scholar

Herobeat Studios (2022). Endling – Extinction is Forever [PC]. HandyGames.
Google Scholar

House House (2019). Untitled Goose Game [PC]. Panic.
Google Scholar

Might and Delight (2013). Shelter [PC]. Might and Delight.
Google Scholar

Might and Delight (2015). Shelter 2 [PC]. Might and Delight.
Google Scholar

Mighty Kingdom (2022). BBEE [PC]. Mighty Kingdom.
Google Scholar

Rocksteady Studios (2009). Batman: Arkham Asylum [PC]. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.
Google Scholar

Technically Finished (2009). Hærfest [PC]. Breda University of Applied Sciences Tripwire Interactive (2020). Maneater [PC]. Tripwire Interactive.
Google Scholar

Varsav Game Studios (2019). Bee Simulator [PC]. Bigben Interactive.
Google Scholar