Psychoza poporodowa i depresja poporodowa – trudny start w rodzicielskiej roli
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-969X.24.05Słowa kluczowe:
depresja poporodowa, dziecko, matka, ojciec, psychoza poporodowaAbstrakt
Celem niniejszego artykułu o charakterze przeglądowym jest dokonanie szczegółowej charakterystyki zależności między depresją poporodową i psychozą poporodową a funkcjonowaniem matek, ojców i dzieci. Brak wiedzy i świadomości na temat tych zaburzeń utrudnia adaptację systemu rodzinnego do nowej sytuacji, jaką jest zaburzenie zdrowia psychicznego. Pierwsza część artykułu została poświęcona depresji poporodowej. Na samym początku scharakteryzowano to zaburzenie w ujęciu klinicznym. Następnie omówiono je z perspektywy matki. Przedstawiono doświadczane przez nią emocje i poczucie straty. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań nad związkiem między depresją poporodową a kształtującą się więzią w diadzie matka-dziecko oraz karmieniem piersią. Ponadto zwrócono szczególną uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenie dla życia dziecka i jego matki. Następnie omówiono depresję poporodową z perspektywy ojca. Najpierw, na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu badań, scharakteryzowano doświadczenia mężczyzn, u których partnerek zdiagnozowano to zaburzenie. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań jakościowych dotyczących ich emocji i potrzeb. Omówiono także niespójne wyniki dotyczące kształtowania się więzi między dzieckiem a ojcem. Następnie przedstawiono charakterystykę mężczyzn z depresją poporodową. Zwrócono uwagę na nieprawidłowości w budowaniu przez nich więzi z dzieckiem. Na koniec tej części artykułu omówiono związek depresji poporodowej z rozwojem dziecka w obszarze fizycznym, emocjonalno-społecznym, werbalnym, motorycznym i poznawczym oraz w zakresie funkcji behawioralnych. Druga część artykułu została poświęcona psychozie poporodowej. Najpierw scharakteryzowano to zaburzenie w ujęciu klinicznym. Kolejno dokonano przeglądu badań nad psychozą poporodową z perspektywy matki. Omówiono związek tego zaburzenia z emocjami występującymi u kobiet oraz przedstawiono przykładowe urojenia, których doświadczają. Opisano także związek psychozy poporodowej z więzią kształtującą się między matką a dzieckiem. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na możliwe zagrożenie dla życia i zdrowia matki i dziecka oraz wynikający z niego dylemat związany z możliwością sprawowania opieki przez kobiety. Podjęto także problematykę psychozy poporodowej z perspektywy ojca. Na podstawie analizy badań, które najczęściej miały charakter jakościowy opisano narracje mężczyzn, których partnerki doświadczyły tego zaburzenia. Zwrócono uwagę na ich emocje, przyjmowanie wielu ról oraz dostrzeganie pozytywnych aspektów danej sytuacji. Zaprezentowano także pojedyncze przypadki, w których psychoza poporodowa była diagnozowana u mężczyzn. W rozważaniach nad psychozą poporodową zwrócono także uwagę na jej związek z rozwojem dziecka, natomiast kwestia ta nie była częstym przedmiotem badań. Na koniec dokonano syntezy zaprezentowanych wyników badań.
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