English for European Communication and Tourism: Focus on Pragmatic Competence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.17.3.06Keywords:
Pragmatic competence, English for European Communication, English for tourism, L2 pragmatics, speech actsAbstract
Pragmatic competence in L2 English is claimed here to be crucial for successful communication in a variety of communicative contexts across Europe. However, due to language background, cultural and identity differences among users of English, there is a need for reflection and data-driven examination of how the language is used in specific situations. This paper adopts a cross-cultural perspective on the study of the use of English in the European Union with focus on its role in tourism. The role of English as the language of communication in Europe is discussed, followed by a proposal as to the way in which its actual usage can be studied. The data-driven approach to pragmatic behavior is advocated as the basis for the development of pragmatic competence in learners of English with focus on those who wish to engage in tourism.
References
Archibugi, Daniele. 1998. Principles of Cosmopolitan Democracy. In: Re-imagining Political Community, ed. by D. Archibugi, D.Held & M. Kölher. Oxford: Polity, 198–230.
Google Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2017. Acquisition of L2 pragmatics. In: The Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language Acquisition, ed. by S. Leowen, & M. Sato. London: Routledge, 224-245. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315676968-13
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315676968-13
Breakwell, Glynis M. 2004. Identity Change in the Context of the Growing Influence of European Union Institutions. In: Transnational Identities. Becoming European in the EU, ed. by R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse & M. B. Brewer. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 25-39.
Google Scholar
Bruter, Michael. 2005. Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Pelgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501539_7
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501539_7
Brown, Penelope, Steven Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Caporaso, James A., & Min-hyung Kim. 2009. The dual nature of European identity: subjective awareness and coherence. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760802453155
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760802453155
Crystal, David. 2008. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2004). Many tongues, one family. Retrieved 3.04.2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2003). Promoting Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity: An Action Plan 2004 – 2006 COM(2003) 449 final. Retrieved 3.04.2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/education/doc/official/keydoc/actlang/act_lang_en.pdf
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2005). Eurobarometer 64.2. Retrieved 3.04.2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb64/eb64_ee_exec.pdf
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2010). Eurobarometer 73. Retrieved 3.04.2011 from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb73/eb73_en.htm
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2012). Eurobarometer 386. Retrieved 5.10.2014 from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2018). Tourism Statistics. Retrieved 20.12.2018 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2018). Foreign Language Skills Statistics. Retrieved 20.12.2018 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics
Google Scholar
European Commission. (2019). Mobile students from abroad enrolled by education level, sex and country of origin. Retrieved 30.10.2019 from https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=educ_uoe_mobs02&lang=en
Google Scholar
Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna, & Joanna Przedlacka (Eds.). 2005. English Pronunciation Models: A Changing Scene. Bern: Peter Lang.
Google Scholar
Félix-Brasdefer, Cesar J., and Andrew D. Cohen. 2012. Teaching Pragmatics in the Foreign Language Classroom: Grammar as a Communicative Resource. Hispania 95 (4): 650–669. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2012.0124
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2012.0124
Félix-Brasdefer, Cesar J. and Gerrard Mugford. 2017. (Im)politeness: Learning and Teaching. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness, ed. by J. Culpeper, M. Haugh, and D.Z. Kádár, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 489-516. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_19
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_19
Fraser, Bruce. 2010. Pragmatic Competence: a Case of Hedging. In: New Approaches to Hedging, ed. by G. Kaltenböck, W. Mihatsch, and S. Schneider. Bingley: Emerald, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253247_003
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253247_003
Fuchs, Dieter, & Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Andrea Schlenker-Fischer. 2011. Cultural diversity, European identity and the legitimacy of the EU: Summary and discussion. In: Cultural Diversity, European Identity and the Legitimacy of the EU, ed. by D. Fuchs, & H.-D. Klingemann. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 247-262. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857938084
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857938084
Grundy, Sue, & Lynn Jamieson. 2007. European Identities: From absent-minded citizens to passionate Europeans. Sociology, 41(4), 663-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507078919
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507078919
Guibernau, Montserrat. 2011. The birth of a united Europe: on why the EU has generated a ‘nonemotional’ identity. Nations and Nationalism, 17(2), 302-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00477.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00477.x
Habermas, Jurgen. 1998. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Google Scholar
Haugh, Michael, & Wei-Lin Melody Chang. 2015. Understanding Im/politeness Across Cultures: An Interactional Approach to Raising Sociopragmatic Awareness. International Review of Applied Linguistics 53 (4): 389–414. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2015-0018
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2015-0018
Herrmann, Richard K., & Marilynn B. Brewer. 2004. Identities and Institutions: Becoming European in the EU. In: Transnational identities: becoming European in the EU, ed. by R. K. Herrmann, Thomas Risse, Marilynn B. Brewer. Lenham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 1-22.
Google Scholar
Hofstede, Geert. 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London, UK: McGraw-Hill.
Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2000. The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kecskes, Istvan. 2013. Intercultural Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892655.001.0001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892655.001.0001
Klimczak-Pawlak, Agata. 2014. Towards the Pragmatic Core of English for European Communication. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03557-4
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03557-4
Kostakopoulou, Dora. 2008. The Future Governance of Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Li, Qiong, & Marilynn B. Brewer. 2004. What Does It Mean to Be an American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American Identity After 9/11. Political Psychology, 25(5), 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00395.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00395.x
Mar-Molinero, Clare, & Patrick Stevenson. 2006. Language Policy in a Changing Europe. Language Policy, 5(3), 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-006-9024-5
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-006-9024-5
Matsumoto, David, Jeffey LeRoux, & Seung Hee Yoo. 2005. Emotion and intercultural communication. Kwansei Gakuin University Journal 99, 15-38.
Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 2006. Language policy and linguistic imperialism. In: An Introduction to Language Policy. Theory and method, ed. by T. Ricento. Oxford: Blackwell, 346-361.
Google Scholar
Pichler, Florian. 2008. How Real is Cosmopolitanism in Europe? Sociology, 42(6), 1107-1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508096936
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508096936
Risse, Thomas. 2004. Social Constructivism and European Integration. In: European Integration Theory, ed. by Antje Wiener & Tanja A. Borzel, Oxfrod: Oxford University Press, 144-161.
Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. 2010. A Community of Europeans? London: Cornell University Press.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801459184
Savage, Michael, Gaynor Bagnall & Brian Longhurst. 2005. Globalization and Belonging. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Rose, Kenneth R. Pragmatic Consciousness-Raising in an EFL Context. In: Pragmatics and Language Learning [Monograph Series], ed. by L. Bouton, vol. 5. Urbana-Champaign: Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois, 52–63.
Google Scholar
Schmidt, Richard. 1983. Interaction, Acculturation and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence. In: Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition, ed. by N. Wolfson & E. Judd. Rowley: Newbury House, 137–174.
Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2005. English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal, 59, 339-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cci064
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cci064
Suzuki, Takao. 1978. Japanese and the Japanese. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Google Scholar
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. [ed. by JB Carroll]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Tatsuki, Donna & Noel R. Houck (eds.). 2010. Pragmatics: Teaching Speech Acts. Alexandria: TESOL.
Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, Anna. 1985. Different cultures, different languages, differents speech acts. Polish vs. English, Journal of Pragmatics 9, 145–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(85)90023-2
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(85)90023-2
van Compernolle, R. (2014). Sociocultural Theory and L2 Instructional Pragmatics. New York: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783091409
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783091409
Vertovec, Steven & Robin Cohen (eds.). 2002. Conceiving Cosmopolitanism. Theory, Context, and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.