U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential

Authors

  • Robert Łoś University of Łódź, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.22.03

Keywords:

Hard and soft power, America and China’s power resources

Abstract

The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Robert Łoś, University of Łódź, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security

Robert Łoś, Ph.D. in History, Professor of Political Science, Head of the Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security at the University of Łódź, author of more than 50 scientific articles, 6 monographs, 7 books edited. Research interests focus on the latest issues of foreign policy in practical and theoretical aspects.

References

Bógdał-Brzezińska, A., Mocarstwowość w teorii stosunków międzynarodowych, [in:] Państwo w teorii i praktyce stosunków międzynarodowych, ed. M. Sułek, J. Symonides, Warszawa 2009, pp. 80–94.
Google Scholar

Ferguson, N., Potęga pieniądza, Warszawa 2009.
Google Scholar

Fontana, B., Hegemony and Power: on the Relation Between Gramsci and Machiavelli, London 1993.
Google Scholar

Fukuyama, F., Budowanie państwa. Władza i ład międzynarodowy w XXI wieku, Poznań 2005.
Google Scholar

Kleinowski, M., Czynniki budujące siłę i potęgę państwa, “Świat Idei i Polityki”, Toruń 2010, vol. 10, pp. 52, 21–48.
Google Scholar

Kuźniar, R., Polityka i siła. Studia strategiczne. Zarys problematyki, Warszawa 2005.
Google Scholar

Kuźniar, R., Wprowadzenie. Soft power i wielkość Ameryki [in:] J.S. Nye, Soft power. Jak osiągnąć sukces w światowej polityce, Warszawa 2007, pp. 6–31.
Google Scholar

Liber, R.J., Power and will power In the American Future. Why the United States Is Not Destined to Decline, Cambridge 2012.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511862588

Łoś, R., Soft power w niemieckiej polityce zagranicznej, “Atheneum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne” 2012, no. 35, pp. 166–185.
Google Scholar

Łoś, R., Soft power we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych, Łódź 2016.
Google Scholar

McClory, J., The New Persuaders III, A 2012 Global Ranking of Soft power, Institute for Government, London 2012. Web. http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/thenewpersaudersIII_0.pdf (accessed: 13.09.2015).
Google Scholar

McGann, J.G., 2012 Global Go To Think Tanks Index Report, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2012.
Google Scholar

Nye, J.S., Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, “ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science”, no. 616, March 2008, pp. 98–110.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699

Nye, J.S. jr., Bound to Lead: the Changing Nature of American Power, New York 1991.
Google Scholar

Nye, J.S. jr., The Future of Power, New York 2011.
Google Scholar

Nye, J.S. jr., The Paradox of American Power, New York 2002.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195161106.001.0001

Nye, J.S. jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success In World Politics, New York 2005.
Google Scholar

Ociepka, B., Nowa dyplomacja publiczna – perspektywa teorii stosunków międzynarodowych i komunikowania politycznego, “Przegląd Strategiczny” 2012, no. 1, pp. 134–154.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2012.1.8

Ogbonnaya, Igwe D., The Perception of Power In The Context of National Security And Foreign Policy Thrust, “Journal of Military and Strategic Studies”, vol. 14, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 4–31.
Google Scholar

Pietraś, M., Pozimnowojenny ład międzynarodowy, [in:] Międzynarodowe stosunki polityczne, ed. M. Pietraś, Lublin 2006, pp. 307–332.
Google Scholar

Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., What Makes Democracies Endure? “Journal of Democracy”, 1996/7, no. 1, pp. 39–55.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0016

Przeworski, A., Limongi, F., Political Regimes and Economic Growth, “Journal of Economic Perspectives”, vol. 7, 1993, no. 3, pp. 61–64.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.3.51

Rapid-growth markets soft power index. Spring 2014, 13.05.2015. Web. http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Driving-growth/Rapid-growth-market.softpowerindex.pdf (accessed: 23.05.2015).
Google Scholar

Smith, R., Przydatność siły militarnej. Sztuka wojenna we współczesnym świecie, Warszawa 2010.
Google Scholar

Sułek, M., Modelowanie i pomiar potęgi państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych, „Stosunki Międzynarodowe” 2003, no. 3–4, pp. 69–99.
Google Scholar

Wójcik, A., Dylemat potęgi: praktyczna teoria stosunków międzynarodowych, Warszawa 2010.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323511557

http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx (accessed: 13.08.2014).
Google Scholar

http://softpower30.portland-communications.com/pdfs/the_soft_power_30.pdf (accessed: 13.09.2015).
Google Scholar

The Military balance Report 2015: www.iiss.org
Google Scholar

www.globalfirepower.org
Google Scholar

www.realinstituteelcano.org (accessed: 14.09.2015).
Google Scholar

www.sipri.org
Google Scholar

www.unctad.org (accessed: 13.05.2014).
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2018-11-09

How to Cite

Łoś, R. (2018). U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential. International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 22(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.22.03